Infection, superinfection and (lack of) protection

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Superinfection occurs in Anaplasma phagocytophilum infected sheep irrespective of infection phase and protection status

BACKGROUND Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic ruminants is widespread in the coastal areas of southern Norway. The bacteria may persist in mammalian hosts. Several genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum exist. In the present study, we investigate whether superinfection occurs in the acute and persistent phase of the infection. METHODS Five-month-old lambs of the Norwegian Dala br...

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Incidence of HIV superinfection following primary infection.

USA Panel. JAMA. 2002;288:222-235. 3. Celentano DD, Galai N, Sethi AK, et al. Time to initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected injection drug users. AIDS. 2001;15:17071715. 4. Strathdee SA, Palepu A, Cornelisse PG, et al. Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users. JAMA. 1998;280:547-549. 5. Tyndall MW, Currie S, Spittal P, et al. Intensive ...

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Chronic HIV-1 Infection Frequently Fails to Protect against Superinfection

Reports of HIV-1 superinfection (re-infection) have demonstrated that the immune response generated against one strain of HIV-1 does not always protect against other strains. However, studies to determine the incidence of HIV-1 superinfection have yielded conflicting results. Furthermore, few studies have attempted to identify superinfection cases occurring more than a year after initial infect...

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Lack of detectable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection during 1072 person-years of observation.

We examined consecutive protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected individuals, to distinguish changes resulting from sequence evolution due to possible superinfection. Between July 1997 and December 2001, >/=2 PR and RT samples from 718 persons were sequenced at Stanford University Hospital. Thirty-seven persons had highly div...

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Nature Reviews Microbiology

سال: 2008

ISSN: 1740-1526,1740-1534

DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1829